Phosphate ferine (PS), also known as thorgine phospholipid, diacyne phosphate polysulic acid or composite neuride [1]. In 1942, Jordi Folch was extracted from the cowenyl brain. It existed in brain cells, not only nourishing the brain, enhancing brain function, but also an important role in relieving mental stress, improving cognition, so it is also known as "brain nutrients) [2]. In 1986, Delwaide reported the first time of Alzheimer's disease, after oral boiling source PS (300mg / d), the cerebral cognitive skills can be significantly improved, and thereafter, many research in Europe have confirmed PS "health" The brain "function [3-4]. PS is the only rude phospholipid that can regulate the functional protein of the cell membrane, usually in the cell membrane, which can affect the chemical information transmission of the brain, to help the brain storage and reading materials, but also to alleviate the brain slow And the important nutrients of the emotional abnormality [5]. PS is widely distributed in natural food, which is extremely low, mainly in animal brain, internal organs, or natural soybeans, but even if it is in sufficient PS even from more soybeans, then At least ingestion of 6kg soybeans (the national original Ministry recommended PS intake is 300mg / d), so the PS is completely less reliable by the PS of the meal, and the intake of PS is the only reliable way. Along with Biotechnology has developed rapidly, and PS can extract soy lecithin from natural soybean oil(Phosphatidylserine Powder From Soybean). The enzyme transformation method is obtained. At present, the safety of PS products has been certified by authoritative certification, and 2006 has passed the US Food (FDA). The GRAS is recognized, and it has been concerned about international. In November 2010, China's original Ministry of Health included PS into a new resource catalog, allowing it to add all other foods outside the infant food.

1 PS structure

PS is mainly composed of three parts: the glycerin skeleton is the head, two longer hydrocarbon chain groups are the tail. The head is bonded from the serine residue to the phosphoric acid residue, and the tail is a longer chain hydrocarbon group consisting of two glycerol hydroxyl groups and fatty acids, and C-2 ratio C on glycerol. -1 carbon chain longer and

Unsaturation is more. PS has dual-parentable: the head belt negative charge is manifested by hydrophilic, and the tail composed of fatty acids is characterized by a hydrocarbon property [6]. Due to the difference in lipidyl residues due to different sources, the PS is usually PS refers to a group of compounds, not a single component. PS can be present in a variety of salt forms such as potassium salt, sodium salt, calcium salt, and magnesium salts, white or light yellow, soluble in petroleum ether, diethyl ether, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran reagent, but insoluble in methanol, acetone [7].

2 ps clinical application

2.1 Prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer 's Disease (AD) is a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, and its clinical manifestation is characteristic of memory barriers, loss of loss, visual space, functional disorder, etc. [8]. Studies have shown that phospholipase and lipase catalyze peanut tetrakenyl acid release from the Sn-2 bits of glycerol phospholipids, and the activation receptor causes calcium stability, membrane phospholipid degradation, and free fatty acids, prostaglandins and The accumulation of lipid peroxides, while the stimulation of lipase and phospholipase, the accumulation of the above metabolites and the abnormal signal transduction may be closely related to the pathogenesis of AD neurlet [9]. Crook T [10] and others give 51 AD patients to take bovine PS (BC-PS) 12 weeks (100 mg / d), found that the patient's brain cognitive ability has improved, and the control group has no Effects, especially in patients with slight cognitive damage, puzzle effect is more obvious, indicating that PS can be used as a very promising candidate drug in the early stage of AD. ZHANG et al [11] people also confirm that the dietary intake of PS can reduce the level of SOD and OH (-) to reduce the AD brain cholinesterase level (P <0.05), improve the brain hippocampus, and improve AD patients. memory function.

2.2 Improve Cognitive Ability

Human aging often accompanys the composition and content of the brain neural structure and functional neuronal cell membrane, resulting in loss of fluidity in nerve cell membranes, and is accompanied by characteristics such as human cognitive function, memory deterioration, etc. At present, many studies have proved that PS can effectively improve or Reversal of neurodus caused by age or disease, Richter et al. [12] tested the improvement of PS for the improvement of memory capabilities of subjective memory impairrs, during the test treatment, for 8 seniors with memory barriers After 6 weeks of PS Soft Capsule (300 mg / d), the results found that the subject's word memories increased by 42%, indicating that the PS has a good contribution to the brain memory recovery. Ni Kai [13] invented a yogurt containing PS junior and puzzle, picking 150 middle school students testing the puzzle effect of the product, requiring the experimenter to consistently edible PS yogurt 90 days (250ml / d), the final result In contrast, the experimental group's people's points of the experimental group were significantly improved compared to the control group of the experimental group, Lenovo learned, and the image free recall of the experimental group was significantly improved (* P <0.05).

2.3 Reduce depression and improve your mood

The pressure is the reaction of the individual's external and internal challenges. The reaction of the brain on acute stress is manifested as the hypothalamic secretion of adrenal hormone release factor, which triggers the release of pituitary adrenocortic hormone (ACTH), which in turn promotes adrenal cortex The release of the medium cortisol, chronic psychological pressure has been confirmed to cause hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal shaft (HPAA) disorders, and further initiate psychological physiological health issues such as individual depression, anxiety and metabolic syndrome [14]. Hellhammer J et al. [15] Human phosphatidic acid (PA) and PS mixture (PAS) for social pressure tests, found that subjects were oral PAS (400 mg / d) 3 weeks later, blood serum The adrenaline and cortisol levels are obviously inhibited. The physical tension of the subject is obviously alleviated and does not affect the heart rate change. A study report in 2015, the PS can improve the disorders of neuroendocrine function [16], researchers found that patients with advanced depression continued to intake PS (300 mg / d) and omega-3 fatty acid mix supplements after 12 weeks, patient Hamilton depression Table (HAM-D17) is significantly improved, while depression has achieved effective correction of high-level salivary alcohol and day and night rhythm disorder.

2.4 Other features

PS is in pre-prevention of children's hyperactivity (ATTEND), improving skin locking capacity, preventing athletes training injury and recovery also has great promotion. Some researchers pointed out that the development of ADHD may be related to the loss of phospholipid deficiency and neuronal structural function, especially in early development, essential fatty acids and phospholipids in children during children, will result in the risk of proximal disease [17- 19] A adHd for 36 did not have received any medication

Children's social research showed that the PS chewable tablets (200 mg / d) continued to take soy source (200 mg / d) After two months, the experimental population ADHD symptom (P <0.01) and short-term memory (P <0.05) were significantly improved [20] In addition, PS also has huge potential in human skin improvement and anti-aging, and Choi et al. Conducted a PS for 63 healthy skin's normal subjects to improve the skin improvement test. Double-blind research, sustained intake of subjects Contains PS soft capsules (300 mg / day) After 12 weeks, it is found that PS supplements can effectively improve the patient's eye wrinkles and skin moisturizing capabilities. When PS is applied to people or animal skin surfaces, prevent and treat UV lines Skin aging and injury caused by irradiation [21-22]. PS's dietary supplement can accelerate the efficiency of human body rehabilitation after exercise, prevent muscle soreness and improve the health of athletes, several double blind, placebo control clinical trials found that athletes were oral PS before exercise (300 ~ 800mg / d), athletes The in vivo circulating cortisol is reduced by 30% [23], and the exercise begins to increase by 29 ± 8% [24], and the muscle injury and soreness after exercise have been effectively improved [25].

3 PS development and application status

3.1 Research on improving the stability of PS

The main problem facing the PS product application is that the stability is prone to be decomposed. Even in the refrigerated conditions, pure PS powder may also degrade at a high rate of 0.5% w / w per day, and for the application of degradation of PS products, the current point is mainly concentrated in the following three Point: (1) There is a trace PLD enzyme in the final composition of the PS soft capsule.

PS biodegradation of phosphatidyloyl metastasis, then formation of phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylglycerol, loss of PS activity; (2) In structure, PS contains unsaturated fatty acid length chain, physical and chemical properties are unstable, in free radical Under the action of (ROS), the PS is oxidized to degrade, producing a disgusting expiration oil odor; (3) PS of the polar hemarytate carboxyl group of the PS, resulting in phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) or other derivatives. Whether it is enzymatic degradation, or chemical degradation causes the production of triglycerides, and the PS active ingredient is reduced, which not only is not conducive to production applications, but also affects the final product quality [26]. At present, some natural or semi-synthetic polymer capsules are generally used by molecular embedding techniques to microcapsules, microspheres or lipids, to obtain safety and non-toxic, stable PS inclusions, physical isolation With air, oxidants, metal ions, functional vitamins, which make PS are added to various foods as foods, drugs, health products, or functional materials in the form of capsules [27-29]. There are also researchers to form a Molecule-forming PS complex to form a PS complex to the food. HiGuchi et al [30] people believe that PS is probatively degraded during storage, but is non-oxidative degradation, but alkacine and phosphoric acid ester bonds are easy to break The phosphoric acid was generated. He used the PS powder with a dextrin and mixed with a physical instrument to stir, and the vacuum dried at 60 ° C to remove moisture to obtain a stable PS-dextrin complex, at 50 ° C. Conditions and store 2 weeks after discovery, PS- The residue of PS in the dextrin complex was at a complement of PS residual amount up to 95% compared to an unmodified PS powder blank group (PS residual amount), the amount of PS was up to 95%, and the stability of PS was significantly improved. There are also scholars to mix PS and some antioxidant food preparations to relieve the degradation of PS, using teasee oil and good oxidation resistance, and develop PS and teasee oil and Mei vine fruit oil process, develop a flavor Unique, PS stability is better functional drink [31]. Or use the food compound such as calcination calcium, calcium oxide or trihydrate, and the PS mixed, the oxidation decomposition of Ps can be effectively inhibited, but the mechanism has not been shown in [32].

3.2 PS development and application of food, health products

3.2.1 Application of PS in solid food

Active substance such as a PS calcium salt or DHA should be in an industrial general PS mixed with some functional grease and an antioxidant mixed into a capsule composed of the wall. Solid soft capsule application [33-34], or for functional raw materials to add elderly puzzle health milk powder [35], mix the PS powder and other food ingredients to mix some such as puzzle tablet candies [36], Chocolate [37] and other leisure foods, but the quality and stability of PS did not do in-depth exploration, there is a problem of PS application restricted and application process affecting product quality stability, for these issues, Weidberg et al [38] people think PS After mixing with other nutrient components during the food application, there is an uneven system unevenness, suspended, precipitation, etc. The reason is that the PS powder is too large in the market, and he has a PS powder preparation of less than 500 μm with a grinding sieve. After mixing with other nutrient health products, it has better stability and homogeneity than ordinary large particle size PS powder, which can be applied to functional food beverage diet supplement or chewed candy-based functional food.

3.2.2 Application of PS in Liquid Food

On the market, PS mainly uses calcium salt ps with poor dispersibility and water soluble, limiting its application on milk, beverage, in order to improve the application range of PS in the field of food, solve PS powder and oil-based liquid mixtures in solution foods Question, Japanese researchers [39-40] have released the preparation of PS solubilizers: PS is fused with polyglyceride fatty acid esters, sucrose fatty acids, and organic acid mono-glycerol esters, etc., and add colloides Emulsion stabilizers such as polysaccharide, mixed, shear, homogeneous emulsification form a uniform and stable O / W emulsifying system, and the emulsion can also be frozen, and the high temperature spray is dried into a powdered article, and the PS composition is applied to the food. For long-term storage of beverage or cosmetics to maintain uniform and stable solubility, while increasing the acid resistance, salt and heat resistance of PS. Some researchers are improved from the production of PS production, and by phospholipid, serine and phospholipase D react in a uniform system consisting of acetone and water while reducing the PS product produced by modified means of 2 valence ion concentration in the PS composition. It has good water soluble after application to boiling milk [41]. After adding PS to the dairy product, there is a problem that PS and milk protein mineral contact is easily precipitated to cause precipitation of dairy products, and domestic researchers have a PS concentration of 2% to 20% and concentrations of 10% to 30% mineral content. The small whey protein is compounded, which increases the solubility of the PS solution on the dairy product, decrease the loss of PS active substances [42], and the PS dairy product uses the presence of unsaturated fatty acids to produce a dairy, which is easy to produce a long-term dairy product. Resulting in fat, Zhao Meixia [43] removes Ω -3 more unsaturated